Archive for the ‘Fall’ Category

Evolution of Collective Learning in Kinesis

Tuesday, September 28th, 2010

I am feverishly reading the work of Howard Bloom in preparation for meeting him. His overview of the development of group consciousness (Global Brain, Wiley, 2000) mirrors my own thinking, but carries it deeper and with more supporting evidence. His ideas on the elements of a ‘collective learning machine’ (an epithet that applies to each of us as cell aggregates, to KMI / Kinesis, and to the bodywork / movement profession in general) are particularly relevant to understand our process and advance it. Where are you in this spectrum? (Hint: you can inhabit several places within it in different endeavors, but you cannot be nowhere.)

In every collective learning machine – and I paraphrase Bloom for the rest of this – there are five active elements, more or less in order, but all interacting in a developed system at all times: All of these elements have constructive and destructive phases or uses; read of them without judgment, but notice your affinity.

1) Conformity enforcers impose identity through similarities. These similarities help the group through adverse circumstances, develop a common language, and help the crowd pull together on collective enterprises. The induction process of the KMI training performs this task for us as a group – giving us a common presumptions, approach, language for bodyreading and strategy, the 12-series, and the common goals of length, alignment and a complete body image. Anatomy Trains (and our new effort of ‘Fascial Fitness’) seeks to diffuse a common language to speed the process of collective learning among the larger enterprise of physical education or, as I call it, Spatial Medicine.

In spite of the power it generates, of course, too much cookie-cutter similarity will be the death of any learning machine, so evolution builds in:

2) Diversity generators give birth to variation. Each individual represents an hypothesis in the communal mind. Many of the diversity generators are useless or even potentially harmful, but when circumstances change, some few of these folks hold the key to successful adaptation to the future. In your immune system, many white blood cells harbor antigens which are useless (and therefore kept under control) until a specific invader germ enters the body. Suddenly, these previously useless WBC’s are vital to the body’s survival. The ‘odd ducks’ within a group can be annoying or even detrimental in ‘good’ times, but some few can hold the key to new opportunities in one kind of adversity or another.

The diversity generators are allocated resources by the:

3) Inner judges continually take the measure of results, rewarding contributions of value, and punishing bad guesswork. If we’ve solved a knotty problem, we hear the cheers of fellow workers or family members, and our systems flood us with positive hormones that swell our chests, give us energy, and set our minds ablaze with confidence. If we cannot get a grip or cannot find agreement in what we are offering, our inner judges activate self-destruct machinery (stress hormones) that literally kill off brain cells and dull our wits, steal our pep, and isolate us. Inner judges are sometimes generous but often far from kind. But whatever their action on the individual, they are essential to complex adaptive learning systems.

The inner judges decisions activate the:

4) Resource shifters shunt riches and influence to group members who succeed (in whatever terms success is measured). The resource shifters embody Jesus’ algorithm: To he who hath shall be given, from he who hath not, even what he has shall be taken from him. Again, not very kind or ‘just’, perhaps, but it is the law of the group in learning.

Resource rich groups then engage in:

5) Intergroup tournaments or face offs evoke cooperative effort and innovation from each collective intelligence in an effort to survive and thrive. The mechanism here is familiar from Darwin’s natural selection, but applies in this context to group interactions or ‘wars’. This can range from a friendly dispute over technique to the competition among schools to the competition among methods to nuclear confrontation, but these are the forces – mostly unseen at the level of ‘culture’ that make mass minds click.

Obviously this has implications from family therapy right up through realpolitik on a global level, but let’s stick to the nested group of the individual practitioner, the KMI school, and the collective SI endeavour currently embodied in the IASI.

The KMI training is designed to produce (in an ever-improving recursive iterations) a conformity enforcement of practical fascial pattern-altering skills within a conceptual framework of the 3- and 12-series, but allowing enough room in our admissions policies and methods for ‘odd ducks’ who make us shake our heads and roll our eyes right now, but may at some future date innovate something of real value to the ever-changing situation of the marketplace. Thus our teachers are conformity generators with an eye (and an allowance) for the diversity generators. Once graduated, the group’s inner judges (not individual people, but collective ideas and feelings) will promote some to successful practitioners; others fall by the wayside and seek elsewhere.

Some successful practitioners will become teachers, and material and non-material resources will be ‘paid’ to those who correctly read and fulfill a need in the marketplace of ideas and techniques. These teachers / clinic heads / writers / presenters / volunteers et al. are building and will continue to create the identity of KMI / Kinesis within the SI community and beyond. This identity competes in an intergroup tournament going on among the schools within IASI for the resources of the small group of those interested in structural integration. But there is a larger intergroup tournament among the various bodywork methods for dominion over the larger marketplace of hands-on healing. So even though we compete within IASI for the ‘resource’ of students for practitioning, we band together in IASI to form a group for competing / cooperating with groups outside SI to enlarge the group of potential practitioners (and clients) interested in SI. These intergroup tournaments will improve the outcome of the new physical education and therapy on offer in the 21st century, paving the way for the movement component of health care, if and when we should ever collectively decide to trade in ‘sick care’ for true health care. Ultimately, we are part of the larger intergroup tournament with the medical system monopoly and the old ideas entrenched within it.

Our social health and (I believe) continued existence on the planet requires dismantling and successfully rebuilding our system of caring for and educating our Neolithic children in the human-constructed environment of the Electronic Age. We at Kinesis are an actively conscious part of that process. Conformity enforcement, diversity generation, inner judgment, resource shifting, and intergroup competition may not sound so attractive, and can sometimes be bloody in tooth and claw like Nature herself (it is Nature herself), but it is all part of improving our collective learning in the service of the human experiment.

SciAm 3: Glial Consciousness

Friday, November 27th, 2009

Reading the Nov ’09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-culprits-in-chronic-pain

Now, this is a very exciting finding for my concept of ‘Spatial Medicine’; it is a further development from the original research reported in Sci Am in ‘The Other Half of the Brain’, referenced in Ch 1 of Anatomy Trains. It is a fact that there are nine times as many connective tissue cells in the central nervous system as there are neurons. All the research has concentrated on the electrical neurons, and almost none on the glia (meaning ‘glue’, the general name for these mesodermally-derived connective tissue cell types such as astrocytes, monocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, melanocytes, etc.

Even this article championing glia fails to mention their now well-established role in brain structuring in embryological development (also referenced in Ch 1 of Anatomy Trains) – the glia build the neurons into a working brain. They also form the fatty myelin that insulates the nerves, and they certainly perform their traditionally assigned role of helping to supply the neurons with glucose and oxygen faster than the poor stressed-out, stretched-out, action-potentiating axons can do it themselves.

But:

Their role in consciousness has been completely ignored until recently, when their role in feeling was sketched in in the article referenced above. Now, in this article, that sketch is filled in some more (at least in my understanding) by detailing their role in chronic pain. You can read the article for the neurological loop that can sustain chronic pain long after the injury is healed; my interest here is in how the glia and neurons work together to produce the chemistry of consciousness.

As my students know, I believe consciousness is a distributed phenomenon, not localized solely in the brain. Even if we admit the brain is important (of course it is), there are thousands of miles of capillaries in the brain, and 9 times as many connective tissue cells as neurons, so all three holistic communicating systems of the body (see Anatomy trains, Ch 1) can be involved in the brain’s production of awareness. And every time they fill in the ‘how’, they seem to confirm my theories.

We have long seen the nervous system as a string of electrical wires that create the ‘computer’ of the body. Of course we know it is ‘wetware’, and that the computer model is both too durable and inadequate at the same time. For one simple thing, the ‘wires’ are not connected up, and require this seemingly inefficient chemical squirting of neurotransmitters between one axonal end plate and the next neuron’s dendrites.

‘Inefficient’ for an electrical engineer interested in speed and accuracy of transmission, but not for a biological organism with other constraints. As Candace Pert has documented in Molecules of Emotion, neuropeptides pour through these synaptic clefts, altering their ‘tone’ and setting the ‘feeling’ state for the whole set of wires, or just a local set of wires. More than 200 of these ‘messenger molecules’ have been discovered, and receptor sites for many of them have been found on all the cells of the body, not just the dendritic receptors.

So now what we see in this new research is that the glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, gather around the synaptic gap, sopping up extra neurotransmitter, sometimes dispensing it out again to augment signaling. They also release growth factors to neurons that are injured, and also release signaling cytokines to bring in the immune system to fight infection or begin healing. It is when these mechanisms go wrong that a positive feedback loop can be established that implicate the glia in some persistent chronic neuropathic pain. Drugs are being developed.

Beyond the drugs, however, we see the interaction between the connective tissue network in the brain combining with the neurons to produce consciousness. I predict further findings detailing an increasingly recognized role for the glia in awareness. Less established would be some kind of communication (via the pia mater? the microvacuolar collagenic dynamic absorbing system of Guimberteau?) between the glia of the brain and the rest of the extracellular matrix that we deal with every day. But stay tuned, for such connections will be forthcoming if it is indeed that three whole networks – in other words, our whole body – that is aware.

SciAm 2: Energy

Friday, November 27th, 2009

Reading the Nov ’09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=powering-a-green-planet

We could, with the all-important element of political will added, produce enough power simply from ‘income energy’ – wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro – by 2030 to power the entire planet without touching oil, natural gas, or uranium further after that. And we’re talking plenty of power, not a drastic change in lifestyle. It would require a WWII-like dedication – the one that brought out Rosie the riveter and a retooling of the factories that now produce gas-guzzlers to produce wind-turbines and electric cars, or the Eisenhower-Nixon initiative to build our interstate highway system, but it is well within our reach.

All our glaciers – polar and alpine – are disappearing at ever accelerating rates. We burn oil at 4% efficiency, taking the rest as waste heat and pollution. Natural gas is better, and uranium better still in efficiency, but they carry their own not insignificant problems. Our stewardship of the planet, o ye of the right wing, cannot be making our Biblical Jehovah happy. It can be done – read it here – it can be done.

SciAm 1: Hobbit

Friday, November 27th, 2009

Reading the Nov ’09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rethinking-the-hobbits-in-indonesia

Remember the Homo floriensis find? A small island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago yielded up fossils of a very small (and small-brained) human who lived there a mere 17,000 years ago (by reliable dating) but who bears a remarkable similarity to Lucy, the famous australopithecus afaensis.

Now, there are really only two explanations for this finding, which under current human derivation theories is about as likely as ‘bird shit in a cuckoo clock’, to quote a famous scientist:

1) There were far earlier immigrations out of our common ancestry in Africa before homo erectus made his pretty-well confirmed diaspora through the Middle East, moving down the coat to India and Asia, with a group doubling back to Europe. The supposition that 1 meter-tall proto humans with brains 1/3 the size of ours managed to emigrate from Africa to Indonesia (the work of many generations), develop tools, and live with us up until the most recent Ice Age is a lot to swallow and sets the now-common theories of hominid development right on its head. Others prefer to say:

2) These hobbits were homo erectus who were simply isolated long enough to go miniature (which has been documented in other mammals, but never in man – the Pygmies are just a very early breakaway group). But the insular dwarfism theory doesn’t stand up to an analysis of the bones and bony relationships, so the second theory is that these fossils are showing the effects of a disease on a group of ‘us’ modern humans.

This second theory is a kind of cop-out – what disease would produce characteristics of an earlier form of human like homo habilis? (Several are offered actually, my favorite being ‘microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism’ – a genetic disorder that would produce small bodies and small brains but normal intelligence.) But in order to defeat this disease hypothesis, we need to find other hobbit skeletons and particularly a skull that would show that these humans were widespread and normal, not this specific, possibly diseased, specimen, LB1 as it is known.

If the first theory is right, then it shows how little we know about our family tree between apes and us, and the question of what makes humans unique and what accounts for our strange characteristics is as yet unanswered. I of course prefer this route, as a proponent of the aquatic ape theory (or at least giving Elaine Morgan a good listen), I would love to have the apple cart upset to see a more checkered past, not the linear progression current science prefers.The idea that other kinds of humans co-existed with us until very recently, like the Neanderthals, is very appealing.

On the other hand, if the second theory proves true, it only goes to show on what slender evidence – the one or two fossils available – we hang these complex theories of evolution. I am sure we will be finding detection methods in the next decade that will allow many more hominid fossils to be found, and then the picture might be clearer and more reliable. Until then, I love the available fantasies of multiple kinds of humans roaming the earth together – now there’s grist for a story mill!

KMI Phoenix begins!

Tuesday, November 10th, 2009

Starting a 500-hr KMI class is always a bit of a palaver, and one always wonders how it is going to come together, but by this time I have lots of support: Tammy and George at the office at home, and in this case JoJean the local organizer has found us a great place – the Mesa Arts Center. While the room itself could be said to be a bit enclosed and scruffy – it is used as rehearsal space – the whole feel of the place is vibrant with creativity. we are surrounded by outdoor sculpture (including a tensegrity shade over our heads) pottery, glassblowing, children trying out for plays, people taking photos of pretty boys from artistic angles, and the sound of a piano behind singing in the distance.

The students have come from all over as usual – Canada, California, Florida, West Virginia, Germany, as well as New Mexico and Arizona itself – and have a good mix of backgrounds and talents. Larry is here to host and run the class, and Peter to give lectures and assist, and we have been joined at the beginning by Thadd Dudrey and Noemi Chabot, both recent grads who are back to taste some of the teaching flavor.

I’ll be able to tell better after a few days, but it seems like a strong group.

FRC Final: Op-Ed

Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009

In the aftermath… (uh, sorry, afterglow) of the FRC, here are a few thoughts on the context of the event and the development for the future:

The most publicly heartfelt moment was when Jim Oschman, fascial prophet and energy medicine guru (http://www.energyresearch.bizland.com/index.html), was honored by Tom Findlay and Helene Langevin at the end of the first day. You could feel their bubble and squeaky joy in giving him an honor, and his bark and woof of joy in receiving it. A somewhat odd choice, in that Jim has done no research, and his literature search has sometimes been out in the left field of unsupported speculation. But he has been so right on concerning several major points, and he held the lamp up for research for many, many years when no one else could seem to coalesce around its value – so I am glad my old friend got the honor.

This conference was not as electric as the first conference in 2007, and in some ways not as ‘good’. But it was very much in the directly unfolding line of this fascinating process of investigating fascial properties. It will take a number of conferences over a decade, I should think, to get the balance right, and even then it should be dynamically changing over time.

In the last conference, the gulf between the clinicians and the researchers was mountainous, and though it was clear that we were climbing the same mountain by the end of the conference, it was also clear that it would take some time to meet at the top. Perhaps the most important part of the 2007 conference was simply getting the scientists, many of whom were working on fascia from many different fields and thus did not know of each other, together to see each others’ work.

By this conference, major issues emerged:

• The architecture of fascia: particularly what is made to stick and what is made to slide, and how and why does that happen, and how does one switch to the other in pathology?

• Epi- and intra-muscular fascial force transmission is another big area of exploration that will have practical consequences to assessment and treatment.

• In terms of machinery, ultrasound imaging and computer modeling of fascial forces and remodeling shows great promise.

• The exact role of inflammation in fascial repair – when is it doing good, when does it go too far and over-correct – looks a good avenue for further study.

• And I personally am over the moon about van der Wal’s concept of the ‘dynament’, though I am not sure I can get many of my colleagues to jump so high in its favor – but I plan to champion it in an article or two.

A few suggestions for the next time:

1) One symptom of ‘second conference-itis’ was too much of too little. While clearly every effort was being made to be inclusive of the many professional as well as scientific approaches, the review committee could perhaps be seen this time as being just a little too inclusive, It would be good next time if the short presentations could be a bit fewer but of higher quality research.

2) I suppose it is too much to ask that good scientists also be good presenters, and how would you screen for this anyway? but when we can read the slides that they are bent into the mike repeating word for word in a monotone of heavily accented English, perhaps these folks (and certainly the attendees) are better served by appearing as a poster presentation.

A word to the researchers: You have been given a short time to present your work. We know it’s short; you know in advance it is short. Practice. Leave out those 40 supporting slides, and get us to the conclusion before the last 15 seconds! The number of presenters arriving at this congress, for which we have all paid substantial money, who were confused about Power Point, and who allowed minute descriptions of their lab methods to overtake the presentation of their findings was disappointing.

3) We need discussion. So far the emphasis has been on ‘discussion’ between the scientists and clinicians, so that we find out about what each other do. This discussion is fairly fruitless, with a few exceptions, because of the gulf I mentioned above. There are three areas for discussion that I think would be more fruitful:

• A time at the end of the conference for digestion and synthesis of the conference’s main themes, but in terms of the science and the implications. I imagine questions along the line of: “If I put these findings over here up against that line of research there, does this mean…?”

• I would love to hear a discussion among the scientists as to what constitutes good research and where the holes are. Unarmed with the experienced inner skeptic of a Solomonow, I have instead an ‘inner gull’. Everything presented seems very sound and well-done when I hear it, and I am inclined to believe it, even though I know by now that I cannot take what happens to pig fascia in a petri dish and immediately apply it to my practice.

My common experience in this conference, however, was that in the break following a presentation, I could run across someone who had an equally convincing story of why the research I had just heard was weak, flawed, or simply not what shows up in the experienced practitioner’s common results.

Therefore I could use some critical review of what we have heard – not to ad hominem attacks, but asking the senior scientists to have the courage to correct the younger, and the courage of the younger to be willing to be wrong.

• Finally, it would be good to have some education for the clinicians. If the scientists need to talk to each other, then the clinicians need to learn to listen with a more practiced ear. This is not the time, my dear friends and fellow practitioners, to grandstand for your method. This is not a political movement manning the barricades of the resistance to our arts in the health care system, or a professional convention where touting your wares is more par for the course. This is certainly not the time to hog the bully pulpit. Mr Dommerholt, in the service of your small contribution to the whole, no matter how important you think you are to the healing of the world.

The fundamental ticket to enter this hall – be you researcher of clinician or both – is the willingness to fall, willingness to be wrong in the search for reliable truth. Evidence-based research, even good evidence-based research, even established findings – they all get overturned in the course of time, so the researchers, though understandably wedded to the results they obtained with so much perspiration, must come in open to a better method, turning toward the unexpected by being shown a salient factor they missed, or given an alternative explanation that fits more facts.

My experience was that the scientists are more imbued in that attitude, while (some) clinicians arrived in a more stuck place. Clinicians – be they rolfers, acupuncturists, myofascial release therapists or Bowenites – sometimes present more strongly held views on the rightness of their cause than they have any cause to. The scientists indulged the clinicians touching but naive faith in the ability of their particular method to invariably sort out intractable problems, based on no more than their unavoidably self-interested results in a self-selecting practice and a large body of healing lore’ that we all carry around with us in place of the science we do not yet have.

I am not willing to be so generous with my own group: Practitioners: shut up, sit down, listen, and if you don’t like what you hear, then put up some money or do the sweat work to get some answering research done. Don’t kvetch, and please don’t embarrass us further by kvetching from the place of such extreme ignorance of the special method of sharing that science is.

So I say to my fellow clinicians: Come humbly to the temple of science. No one is questioning that you do good in the world, that your work is worthwhile, that you are part of the solution not the problem. But likewise, however much you know it works, you (we, all of us) know so little about how it works. So these conferences become searches for clues, clues which may lead to established facts that fly in the face of some of our dearly-held beliefs, but will ultimately, I am sure, confirm the healing power of the structured touch we are so enthusiastic about. Coming in with a political agenda, an ego drive, or an unshakable conviction based solely on anecdote only slows the process of discovery, for you and everyone else. A little of the dispassion the Buddha showed would drape well over some of these angry and self-interested shoulders.

“Can you show me why I failed with this patient?” is a much more interesting question than “Can you confirm my prejudice about why I am succeeding with these patients?”

So some guided discussion among the clinicians would result in more precise questions for the researchers, to take some of some of the discrepancies I heard in the corridors and elevators, over a coffee or an outside break. The importance of these moments was mentioned in the last hour by the organizer Peter Huijing, but I believe much more use could be made of this process by bringing it inside toward the end of the conference, and organizing it into more incisive questions for what research would actually serve to answer clinicians’ questions and disputes.

The next conference will be early in 2012 in Vancouver. I plan to be there. There is enough discovery in these events, enough ‘being confused at a higher level’, to make the visit worthwhile, despite the frustrations I feel from both sides.

FRC: The Court Jester

Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009

Moshe Solomonow (http://www.uchsc.edu/ortho/bioeng/faculty.html) stands out as perhaps the most interesting personality among the top scientists at the FRC. Look at the number of published research papers this guy has: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=Solomonow%20M[au]&dispmax=50

I cannot speak to his science, having read little and understood less – though he has a pioneering reputation and a fierce dedication to good science and he is the world’s expert on ligamentous creep and hysteresis (that doesn’t sound good, does it?). A large and imposing man whose light brown suits cover a good 20 stone with a high balding dome and a deeply-carved face of a Levantine merchant that can go from haughty to twinkle and back again without warning.

In the first conference Moshe played the heirophant to the point of being papist – ‘just read my research, it’s all there’ . I didn’t feel he was entering the field of inquiry with the right attitude, and he quite put me off with his sniffiness and lordly manner. How different was my reaction this time! How different was he this time, marching to the microphone at the end of someone’s presentation, and how the presenters must have braced themselves when they saw him coming.

Some people’s backs were still put up by his attacks, sometimes quite forceful and occasionally bordering on belligerent, against the weakness in the science he saw presented in some of the sessions – and even at that he seemed to be restraining himself.

Seeing his large body slope toward the microphone, coattails flapping, would bring us all awake and bring the speaker to an autonomic sweat. Though the tone of the questioning could be a little badgering, the questions were always salient and often brilliant, looking around corners to the next steps in related research, finding the holes in the way the data was collected that no one else could see, or suggesting a new approach to the problem the research was meant to address.

Last time Solomonow was a brooding presence, who struck me as self-important and not open to new ideas. This time, he seems increasingly like a godsend, our Socrates of the Fascial Research Congresses; I hope he will stay in his position as the Court Jester, in its original sense of the only one who can bring the king down to account. Moshe Solomonow may seem a bit abrasive to some or even cut the figure of the Fool to others, but to me this man seemed key: showing the willingness to engage constructively with other scientists, to risk critical feedback in hopes of improving our knowledge and making more straight the zig-zagging course of scientific progress in our field.

Moshe is a sailor, I found out when I sat with him for a bit, who had a boat in New Orleans until Katrina blew it away. So, to honor his honesty and edginess and his hand on the tiller, my next post will attempt to speak to my group of practitioners in the same way.

Moshe has so totally earned his right to grandstand; the same does not apply to the clinicians.

FRC Day 4

Friday, October 30th, 2009

The 4th day of the Fascial Research Conference was just a half day, so there was much thrusting of cards into hands, exchanges of papers and emails, deferred conversations now hurried. The presentations were interesting, especially that of Can Yucesoy from Turkey, who modeled a complex interaction of elastic and contractile muscle and various fascial properties to get a good model of Epimuscular Force Transmission (EFT) another of those three-letter acronyms you’re likely to be reading about.

One note though – I have long noticed the obliquely crossing fibers in the crural fascia (making every cadaver look like they are wearing argyle socks under their fat), as ell circumferential fibers. Why these oblique lines? Richard Nichols shows how they (might – always might, in science, but it looks pretty logical, like most lies) contribute to coronal (medio-lateral ) stability.

One other interesting bit: The GTO’s (Golgi Tendon Organs) are known for their inhibitory effect on their related muscle firing – in other words, stimulate the GTO’s to get the muscle to relax. This reflex action tends to go from down-to-up in the leg while climbing a hill, and switch to from up-to-down when descending a hill. In downhill walking, the ‘propelling’ muscles are inhibited, enhancing your brakes.

After lunch, Tom Findlay and Robert kindly invited me up onstage to be on the panel to help close out the conference. I continued my defense of the hand over machine, and hoped for some more ‘loose chaotic networking’ as Robert joked.

In the end, it was very much worth it for me. It did not have quite the same spirit as the first congress – second attempts often suffer for being just that. The science was not as good, some of the breakout sessions were just bad – badly presented, or bad science. The clinicians presenting their stuff to scientists were often worse – sometimes bum-scrunchingly so – self-aggrandising and reporting only their successes, and claiming far more than they actually could. Discipline of mind does not come easily to the therapist, it seems, and discipline of heart comes hard to some of the scientists.

But this is all part of the developing rapport among scientists in differing fields, part due to letting in more trades – surgeons and engineers as well as fascial researchers – and in part due to the confused but exploratory fingers of the therapists wiggling their way into the world of defined research. It’s a long journey, but so far a fun and rewarding one.