Anatomy Trains

Translational Research In Massage Therapy is focus of conference: “Highlighting Massage Therapy In Complementary and Integrative Medicine Research”

Hosted by the Massage Therapy Foundation, May 13–15, 2010 at the Red Lion Hotel in Seattle, Washington

Seven world-renowned researchers and clinicians in the field of integrative health care will give keynote presentations at “Highlighting Massage Therapy in Complementary and Integrative Medicine Research,” hosted by the Massage Therapy Foundation. The three-day agenda, which focuses on translational research and public health, also includes two panel discussions, sixty research presentations and posters, and innovative experiential workshops.

In combining practical applications with scientific research, the conference will further the progression toward what the National Institutes of Health promotes as a two-way flow between “bench to bedside” and “bedside to bench,” also known as translational research. The cyclical outcomes of translational research occur when knowledge gained through research is applied in practical ways, and additional questions raised through this practical application motivate further research.

Experiential workshops are a relative rarity in research meetings. An academic exchange between the respective editors of International Journal of therapeutic Massage and Bodywork and the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Glenn M. Hymel, EdD, LMT, and Leon Chaitow, DO, ND proposed this unconventional mechanism for bringing together research and practice. The workshops will include practical demonstrations of a variety of methods of manual care, combined with discussions of evidence of efficacy, proposed mechanisms, scientific evidence, and the expression of needs for future exploration.

The timeliness of this conference, according to Diana L. Thompson, president of the Massage Therapy Foundation, is evidenced by the fact that the number of clinical research studies in the area of massage therapy and integrative medicine have more than doubled since 2004. Thompson says, “In addition to the greater number of studies, massage therapists seem to be more curious about research, educators are more inclined to cite research data in the classroom, and vendors are more visibly supportive of search with their dollars and in their advertisements.”

The conference presenters and topics include the following:

Keynote Speakers
Josephine Briggs, MD - Director of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM): Areas of Promise in Research of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Dan Cherkin, PhD: Is Massage Effective for Back and Neck Pain? — Applying the Research to Your Practice
Julie Ann Day, PT - First the Hypothesis: How a Biomechanical Model can influence Fascial Anatomy Research
Willem Fourie, PT - Is There a Place for Manual Therapy in Recovery from Breast Cancer Treatment?
Christine Goertz, DC, PhD - Translational Research and Manual Therapies - How Do We Get There from Here?
Helene M. Langevin, MD: Connective Tissue Physiology and Its Relevance to Manual Therapies
Whitney Lowe, LMT: Knowledge Translation: Key Skills for Highly Successful Clinicians
 
Panel Discussions
Glenn Hymel, EdD & Leon Chaitow, ND, DO – Moderators: Translating Research into Practice and Practice into Research
William Meeker, DC, MPH – Moderator: Manual Therapy and the Public Health 
 
Experiential Workshops
Julie Ann Day, PT: The Assessment of Upper limb Dysfunctions: Indications for Superficial or Deep Fascia Work
Leon Chaitow, ND, DO: Four Functional Assessment Methods: Their Research Origins and Clinical Usefulness
Whitney Lowe, LMT: Creative Applications of Research in the Clinical Massage Environment
Masahiro Takakura, ND, DC, LAc, CKTI: Introduction of Kinesio Taping Application for Lymphatic Drainage and Inflammatory Condition

The Massage Therapy Foundation would like to acknowledge the generous support of the following Presenting Sponsors and Publishing Co-Sponsors: American Massage Therapy Association and Massage Envy; International Journal of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork and Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
For more information and to register online, go to www.massagetherapyfoundation.org/researchconference2010.html
 
The Massage Therapy Foundation is a 501(c)3 public charity, with a mission to advance the knowledge 
and practice of massage therapy by supporting scientific research, education, and community service. For more information on the Foundation, please visit www.massagetherapyfoundation.org.

Perhaps you saw this story about the ‘faun’ dancer with cerebral palsy:

Genzlinger N 2009: Learning His Body, Learning to Dance New York Times November 24 2009

In early 2008, a young actor with cerebral palsy, Gregg Mozgala, was appearing as Romeo in a production in New York which involved a mix of actors, some with disabilities and some without. In the audience was choreographer Tamar Rogoff - who decided that she would explore the idea of producing a ballet, with this same young man dancing - despite the fact that he was totally untrained, and could not walk without exceptional distortion and effort.
Mozgala has described his walking style at that time as looking like “a human velociraptor.” He walked on his toes, with his lower extremities turned in, wobbling from side to side to maintain balance.

Genzlinger, writing in the New York Times (2009) report on the Mozgala/Rogoff story, quotes him as saying :
“My knees were going in, my hips were totally rotated inward. Gravity was just taking me down. So my upper body — arms and chest — overcompensated, curling back and up.”
Some 9 months later, from December 3rd to 20th, Mozgala appeared in New York, in a production (Diagnosis of a Faun) choreographed by Rogoff, at the Eileen Stewart Theater.
How was Mozgala able to go from his previous dysfunctional walk, to be able to appear on stage as a dancer?
Only a few clues have been offered thus far. It seems that Tamar Rogoff possesses other skills - that lie in the bodywork and movement arena. Whether these involve formal training, or acquisition over the years of particular skills associated with her work, is as yet unclear.

In the text below, Rogoff and Mozgala describe aspects of the process in their own words:

Tamar Rogoff:

I began the work in order to prepare Gregg to dance the role of the Faun in a new work I was choreographing. I first saw him as an actor and his body energy called out to me as it was interesting—strong and active and responsive to the text. I liked how his passion ignited and was in direct contradiction to his physical condition. He seemed to act his way out of his c.p. leaving me unaware while watching him do romeo and Juliet that he had it and I knew he could dance his way beyond it as well.

I used a lifetime of body learning—everything from decades of dance techniques (ballet-Graham-Bharata natyam) to bodywork. My bodywork teachers were alan wayne and monica Hathaway both of whom taught me ultimately never to listen to them but find my own way. I’ve never studied Feldenkrais or Trager or Alexander or yoga—for the last 26 years I have given a laboratory class at PS 122 and now at LaMama in New York—many students have been with me for all these years—they are mostly actors and they agree to being there while I investigate whatever interests me—this is an experiential anatomy approach where I can spend a year behind the sternum, for example—then include any landmarks in the body that interest me—bones-joints muscles-spaces between things—the class speaks my idiosyncratic language —alignment issues—mine and theirs often spark investigation—in my class at NYU ETW I add how this investigation can be the origin of a choreographic vocabulary and how it can enliven acting—this is not at all academic, as I haven’t studied the body in an organized course but have picked up information everywhere. I tend to start where I am or from what I see and let the class follow where the body takes us—a class can’t ever be replicated.

The first order of business with Gregg was to steady him enough so he could transcend his main concern which was balance and introduce him to new ways other than his set in stone movement vocabulary which seemed designed to compensate for the inward rotation of his legs and hips He was locked in to a very specific body vise and felt at the mercy of the signals from his brain which were telling him to tense up—we sat on chairs and stamped the feet—I offered imagery—the horse shoe heel—we opened the knees—tucked him into the fetal position which rounded the lumbar spine and changed the curves he needed for balance once standing—introduced opposition walking rather than the seesaw side to side lurch which was the way he got around, and after a few weeks I taught him the shaking technique
Shaking—we started lying down on the back– legs bent feet on the floor—arms outstretched to the sides—palms up–opening and closing the legs (knees) waiting until involuntary shaking and trembling took over—it took several sessions and ended up starting in thumps of the chest against the floor, the head doing an uncomfortable looking lifting and nodding—all very violent and not where I was expecting it to come from—each time he lay down the body took off in this same way until it ran its course—any time I put my hand on Gregg’s chest I could elucidate a thumping—later came other lightning bolts of zigzag energy—month by month we worked out pattern after pattern—my finger under his lips could cause enormous gagging—his arms pounded the mats—his hands clapped together until they hurt and I had to put something between them—at some point what you might call shaking began—a bit quieter but still intense—thru the thighs and sacrum –then a vibrato took hold of his belly—his stomach muscles had never served him as the way his upper body met his lower was disconnected from the body’s original design — then came more pounding, now thru the lumbar—all this we followed as the body led us through. I selected a position from which to start sometimes lying on the back and sometimes on the belly or sitting in a chair—I selected a movement to begin getting us to the involuntary part and then we dedicated an hour or two to follow its course–we were in a gym so we had mats and blocks and everything you might use for yoga—I built him structures to get his pelvis up off of the floor so his legs could be tossed over his chest and his hamstrings could stretch and he could access his stomach muscles—now that his body had experienced the shaking it constantly went to that mode in any stretch
Standing and hanging over fingers near toes—we used this to stretch out and access the lumbar and open it up—here we got seizing up and a great deal of fear—I bypassed the fear many a time by using my body against his—almost like lending him my nervous system—my sense of flow—throughout I used my body to teach his—he could relax onto me in different ways—the little reiki I know I used to quiet him as well –my hands sent messages and new patterns—now one sweep of my hand can illicit a 20 minute reaction and instil a new or even a permanent understanding—more and more he asks me to move aside as his body is telling him something directly and he must be left alone to follow his internal clues
Walking—from the beginning he walked at every session and I gave him a small message often connected to an image to take on the street with him—we had to watch his exiting on to the street as he tended to revert to a prior more protective –historically more familiar mode—mostly I just watched his walk and saw where energy didn’t flow—where the body was uneven or where the foot didn’t touch the floor—as his abilities grew he could feel when his sacrum was rigid or not—
Attitudes –Gregg is addicted to the way feelings and information come through his body—he’s in awe when he feels space in the hip sockets or connections from one place or another—or when he can just slow down–this is a reversal of his former attitude which was a slave to his condition –always taking orders from the Bully (Oliver Sachs’ term for the lesion on the brain in C.P.)–always using tons of fast frenetic energy to muscle him through everything from walking to sex—his mind which functioned in a more nuanced way was at odds with the pace and lack of modulation in his body. What he thought in his mind—was not do-able in his body–therefore immense frustration as his hyper vigilance governed the resonance of his body making known its limitations
Identity—Gregg evolved his personhood –body and mind to fit into his C.P. body—thru that body he felt every emotion and in that body was stored all memories pleasurable and painful—his body rhythms –walking and running were the sound score to his life—the drag of his foot—his particular toe walk —as his alignment changed —his patterns changed and he became a stranger to himself and in fact to me—it was the original walk that housed the person I was interested in—the new neutral was exciting because it proved that change was possible but a bit blah and devoid of any personality—I often noticed when Gregg was drunk ,or stoned, that his happiness reverted into the old home base of his original alignment—he reports that when he is being an actor the same happens—
Going forward the questions are:
How will his new body house him?

What parts of the changes he’s elicited in his body will remain with him irrespective of his actively being conscious of them ?

What amount of consciousness will be necessary to keep a healthier alignment ?

For how long and how much will he have to continue the bodywork process?

We are planning a phase two of this project which will include bringing another person with C.P. on board so Gregg can both watch me teach and teach this person himself—will teaching the work keep him involved and help preserve his new patterns ?

How far will we be able to go towards a permanent positive alignment ?

How will Greggs’ personality —emotional balance– identity and world view evolve to meet his new needs in his changing body?

Gregg Mozgala

I’m sitting on a stool. Tamar is in front of me and has her hands on my feet. She’s placing them into proper alignment and pressing my pinkie toes, forever raised like the true aristocrats they are, into the ground. They were caught unawares by the revolution and need to learn what it means to do an honest day’s work. Tamar instructs me on how to get my feet into proper alignment. She uses her hands at first to show me the path my foot should travel up and down. She lists all the joints in the foot: heel/talace/ankle/ball/etc… and encourages me to think of the foot in its many pieces as opposed to a heavy, single slab. I ask her to let me try the motion on my own and input the suggestion of the feet as a mutli-faceted unit. There’s an increase in sensation almost immediately. My body is in conflict with itself. It wants to discover these new routes, new ways of moving, which is actually the way it was originally designed to move, but it takes time and effort to release it from it’s old modes of behavior. I’m working on my right foot alone. As I focus to raise and lower my foot, I can feel my left leg grabbing in the hip flexor, the knee wanting to turn in, the heel coming off the ground. I stop. I ask Tamar for a yoga block. With my left foot on the block and supported the “bully reflex” is interrupted and I can put all my attention and focus into my right foot. The simple action of raising and lowering my foot takes an incredible amount of focus and is physically strenuous. After a few minutes I am shaking. Not just in my legs, but my entire pelvis starts undulating. All this movement, termed “shaking” is purely involuntary. As my body discovers the correct pathways and what I assume are new neural connections as a result of positive alignment, my body learns that it can utilize these new pathways and release the old mechanism that had previously allowed for standing, hind-limb ambulation, running, jumping and general mobility with the effective, but less efficient, C.P. alignment. What the shaking does is soften my otherwise tense or spastic musculature to receive basic instructions such as; point your sternum down, tuck your tailbone under, close the front ribs/open the back ribs, etc. What’s more, as my right leg and entire right side begins to learn proper alignment my resting leg begins to respond similarly. Not nearly with the same intensity, but it’s as if one side is teaching the other- like a game of “Follow the Leader.” As my body reroutes I often times also experience a physiological-emotional response. In this case, I experienced waves of nausea and became very emotional to the point of tears. Tamar and I never stop or get bogged down with the psychological or emotional ramifications of this. This would kill our progress. We soldier on through. Both of us realize that what’s happening when this occurs is that my body is opening up areas that have been previously unavailable or inaccessible for over thirty years. It is what it is, and this to shall pass.

I’d like to digress for a moment here and talk a little bit about my body’s relationship with fear. Tamar has said that my hyper-vigilance is due to my body being in a constant state of emergency. I have come to understand this as a constant fear of falling. During some of our most recent studio sessions as I experience release in my lower body, specifically in the leg below the knee, I’ve noticed that my arms- shoulders, forearms, wrists and hands get extremely tense. I believe this is a compensation that my body does automatically as a protective measure. As I move my pelvis, hips, legs and feet into proper alignment- into an alignment that my body has never felt- my body tenses. This is because I believe IT believes I’m going to fall down. This is a new and fascinating concept to me. I first became aware of my body’s fear response during the rehearsal period. The first day I was working on the set piece we affectionately refer to as, “The Rock,” I couldn’t even sit on it without waves of physical terror coursing through me. I was flanked by Tamar on my left and Sharon, our stage manager, on my right. As I moved around on it and eventually tried to stand up, I held on to them for balance and support. Initially I couldn’t stand up on it without their help. My body would tense so much that it would literally drop me to my knees for a more supported base. If they let go of me the waves of terror would return and I would simply ask- or scream or cry out- for one of them to touch me. This simple action both comforted and grounded me. During our opening week of performance I was experiencing so much pain as a result of tension in my hip flexors that I was convinced it was only a matter of time before I was going to injure myself. Tamar stressed the importance of a focused warm-up. As I increased my warm up and internal focus the pain first moved from my left side to my right and then disappeared completely. By the end of the first week of shows it was gone. It didn’t return for the remainder of the run. As we work in the studio, I’ve realized that I can actually counter this fear response by slowing down and convincing my body that it’s okay- that it’s not in a state of emergency. The grip we call, “The bully reflex” is the grip of fear. If I stay focused and connected to my body as I move into proper alignment, using my mind, I can show my body that there’s an alternative to falling that’s better, safer, more productive. I’m still working on developing this theory but could this be me willing my body to change?

We work on my right side for a good forty-five minutes to an hour. I’m shaking. I’m gagging. I’m nauseous. I feel great. It’s time for me to stand up and walk around to see how my body has integrated these latest changes with movement. Tamar slowly removes my left foot from the block, being careful to place it down on the ground in the proper alignment. I ask to try and replicate what I have just done on my right foot with my left for a few times before I stand up. Tamar acquiesces. My left foot is considerably more rigid and less responsive then my right foot in general. It’s harder to lift and place down properly but I mange to do it about half a dozen times before Tamar assists me with standing up. I walk into the studio and with the first few steps it’s as if my brain has caught fire. My feet are on the floor like never before. I have a roll to my walk that involves the entire foot that I’ve never utilized until this very moment. It’s incredible. I walk for a bit. I allow my body to integrate all the new information we have just fed it. I try to let my new walk walk me. I listen to my body. Before we know it our work has come to an end for the day.

Neither of us had this planned when we arrived at the studio this morning. We never have an agenda. It just happened. This progress with the feet however, would not have been possible if we had not been working so intensively over the last eight to ten months. Tamar and I continue to talk as we change clothes and prepare to reenter the world at large. I have to head to the West Village to rehearse for a reading I am doing later that evening. Before we exit the studio Tamar gives me a few basic directions to carry with me through out the day. I listen. I try and put them into practice as we climb the studio steps and exit out onto the street. Tamar returns the keys to Teddy at the gym. I cross the street and enter my building. As I enter my apartment and hit the stairs I remind my body of the work we have just done and take each step slowly and deliberately, careful to make sure I am landing half-toe/heel/with the outside of my heel pressing down. As I walk up the steps I think for the first time ever, “I love walking up stairs,” as I fight back the urge to throw up in my mouth.

These extracts from Tamar and Gregg’s notes describe a really remarkable transformation

I was asked to provide my commentary to the above notes:

When this story appeared in the papers, I was very interested in the method employed, so I am glad to have this level of detail from both teacher and recipient. How wonderful that the method has no name! It reminds us that the path of healing is not restricted by specific approaches, but wends its way upward in switchbacks. It reminds us that our ‘name brands’ in bodywork - dear to us if they are our own, or raising our interest or suspicion (or both) if they seem to run counter to our beliefs - are but signposts along this path, and not the path itself.

Secondly, I was impressed with the emphasis on what Gregg can do. So much of medical rehabilitation starts with what the patient cannot do, striving to make the currently impossible possible again. It was Emilie Conrad (of Continuum fame), herself a dancer originally, who first introduced me to the very liberating concept of: Start with what they can do. Explore that, and the novelty will arise, and then explore that, which leads on to more novel movements. Emphasis on the problem, difficulty, lack, and inability - even with a ‘helpful’ attitude - can leave a patient frustrated and depressed.

Tamara’s method seems to owe much to the dancer’s sure knowledge that everyone has limitations, and yet everyone has a world within his body. Gregg’s Bully had limited his movement range, and then he himself had limited it further by adopting and constantly reverting to his CP stance, his rolling gait, his locked-in legs. By exploring an unrelated but possible movement within his range, he was led naturally up the switchbacks rather then going for the straight line uphill - which can be an effective path for the simple injury rehab, but not for a complex and enduring ‘condition’ such as Gregg presented. Seeing the situation as an opportunity instead of a problem is the artist’s prerogative, and one that more therapists would do well to adopt.

Thirdly, we can note that every one of these conditions has a somatoemotional component, very much evident in Gregg’s self-disclosing comments - he loves this and he’s about to gag; he’s standing and crying out in his fear of failure (falling). Those who undertake these deep structural healing processes should be prepared for cognitive dissonance, for not believing everything you think, for contrary emotions that occupy brain and belly together, for deep swoops and giddy highs that follow each other. Gregg clearly had the strength for such a journey and not everyone is willing.

The shaking is an essential part of such releases, when the ‘accelerator / brake’ (combined excitatory and inhibitory signals, autonomic and somatic) lets go its grip and neuromuscular patterns (in my experience) let go, shake for some time, and then normalise. From the sounds of it, there was a ‘whole lotta shakin’ goin’ on’, indicative of both how deep Gregg’s patterns ran, but also how deep he was prepared to go to free them.

Finally, we must note how much time and attention it took to stage Diagnosis of a Faun - and to complete even this stage of healing. There is no indication of how many hours the two spent together in the nine months, but on the basis of my own experience with similar journeys, I can easily believe that both were engaged pretty full-time on this project. How lucky for Gregg to have such a dedicated teacher! How lucky for Tamara to have such a willing student! Most professionals in the healing trade cannot set aside so much time for one person. But it is in these journeys that the possibilities of healing a revealed, which are later refined and fitted into protocols by others who follow. Thank you Tamara, and thank you Gregg for the glimpse into deep and pathbreaking healing via the arts.

Tom was supposed to ‘appear’ electronically in Tehran on Christmas for a group of spinal rehab physios and doctors on Anatomy Trains and primary and secondary curves, but due to the burgeoning democracy over there, the government shut down the electronic alleyway through which he was supposed to appear. Says Tom: “Though I am a great supporter of the green revolution, I am sorry that this opportunity, slender as it was, to build bridges between the nation of Persia and the United States was curtailed by a government eager to control the flow of information.” We look forward to another time later in the game.

Those of you who have been here for classes or sessions know that we have 9-12′ of tide in Clarks Cove depending on the phase of the moon. Yesterday, the full moon tides combined with a 40mph south wind to drive the water up the river so high that the at the full flood the runways were going up from the pier to the dock, and the waves were coming up through the deck on the small cottage. The wind-driven waves on the top of the tide clawed at the banks, and the cove had a large brown streak where the eroded soil entered the ocean’s grip, where it will stay for a long time.

I am glad to say Kenny Lincoln’s repair job has strengthened the pier and it did not shake in the keening wind and curling chop.

Reading the Nov ‘09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-culprits-in-chronic-pain

Now, this is a very exciting finding for my concept of ‘Spatial Medicine’; it is a further development from the original research reported in Sci Am in ‘The Other Half of the Brain’, referenced in Ch 1 of Anatomy Trains. It is a fact that there are nine times as many connective tissue cells in the central nervous system as there are neurons. All the research has concentrated on the electrical neurons, and almost none on the glia (meaning ‘glue’, the general name for these mesodermally-derived connective tissue cell types such as astrocytes, monocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, melanocytes, etc.

Even this article championing glia fails to mention their now well-established role in brain structuring in embryological development (also referenced in Ch 1 of Anatomy Trains) - the glia build the neurons into a working brain. They also form the fatty myelin that insulates the nerves, and they certainly perform their traditionally assigned role of helping to supply the neurons with glucose and oxygen faster than the poor stressed-out, stretched-out, action-potentiating axons can do it themselves.

But:

Their role in consciousness has been completely ignored until recently, when their role in feeling was sketched in in the article referenced above. Now, in this article, that sketch is filled in some more (at least in my understanding) by detailing their role in chronic pain. You can read the article for the neurological loop that can sustain chronic pain long after the injury is healed; my interest here is in how the glia and neurons work together to produce the chemistry of consciousness.

As my students know, I believe consciousness is a distributed phenomenon, not localized solely in the brain. Even if we admit the brain is important (of course it is), there are thousands of miles of capillaries in the brain, and 9 times as many connective tissue cells as neurons, so all three holistic communicating systems of the body (see Anatomy trains, Ch 1) can be involved in the brain’s production of awareness. And every time they fill in the ‘how’, they seem to confirm my theories.

We have long seen the nervous system as a string of electrical wires that create the ‘computer’ of the body. Of course we know it is ‘wetware’, and that the computer model is both too durable and inadequate at the same time. For one simple thing, the ‘wires’ are not connected up, and require this seemingly inefficient chemical squirting of neurotransmitters between one axonal end plate and the next neuron’s dendrites.

‘Inefficient’ for an electrical engineer interested in speed and accuracy of transmission, but not for a biological organism with other constraints. As Candace Pert has documented in Molecules of Emotion, neuropeptides pour through these synaptic clefts, altering their ‘tone’ and setting the ‘feeling’ state for the whole set of wires, or just a local set of wires. More than 200 of these ‘messenger molecules’ have been discovered, and receptor sites for many of them have been found on all the cells of the body, not just the dendritic receptors.

So now what we see in this new research is that the glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, gather around the synaptic gap, sopping up extra neurotransmitter, sometimes dispensing it out again to augment signaling. They also release growth factors to neurons that are injured, and also release signaling cytokines to bring in the immune system to fight infection or begin healing. It is when these mechanisms go wrong that a positive feedback loop can be established that implicate the glia in some persistent chronic neuropathic pain. Drugs are being developed.

Beyond the drugs, however, we see the interaction between the connective tissue network in the brain combining with the neurons to produce consciousness. I predict further findings detailing an increasingly recognized role for the glia in awareness. Less established would be some kind of communication (via the pia mater? the microvacuolar collagenic dynamic absorbing system of Guimberteau?) between the glia of the brain and the rest of the extracellular matrix that we deal with every day. But stay tuned, for such connections will be forthcoming if it is indeed that three whole networks - in other words, our whole body - that is aware.

Reading the Nov ‘09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=powering-a-green-planet

We could, with the all-important element of political will added, produce enough power simply from ‘income energy’ - wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro - by 2030 to power the entire planet without touching oil, natural gas, or uranium further after that. And we’re talking plenty of power, not a drastic change in lifestyle. It would require a WWII-like dedication - the one that brought out Rosie the riveter and a retooling of the factories that now produce gas-guzzlers to produce wind-turbines and electric cars, or the Eisenhower-Nixon initiative to build our interstate highway system, but it is well within our reach.

All our glaciers - polar and alpine - are disappearing at ever accelerating rates. We burn oil at 4% efficiency, taking the rest as waste heat and pollution. Natural gas is better, and uranium better still in efficiency, but they carry their own not insignificant problems. Our stewardship of the planet, o ye of the right wing, cannot be making our Biblical Jehovah happy. It can be done - read it here - it can be done.

Reading the Nov ‘09 issue of Scientific American in post-Thanksgiving tryptophane torpor yields these developments in Spatial Medicine:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rethinking-the-hobbits-in-indonesia

Remember the Homo floriensis find? A small island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago yielded up fossils of a very small (and small-brained) human who lived there a mere 17,000 years ago (by reliable dating) but who bears a remarkable similarity to Lucy, the famous australopithecus afaensis.

Now, there are really only two explanations for this finding, which under current human derivation theories is about as likely as ‘bird shit in a cuckoo clock’, to quote a famous scientist:

1) There were far earlier immigrations out of our common ancestry in Africa before homo erectus made his pretty-well confirmed diaspora through the Middle East, moving down the coat to India and Asia, with a group doubling back to Europe. The supposition that 1 meter-tall proto humans with brains 1/3 the size of ours managed to emigrate from Africa to Indonesia (the work of many generations), develop tools, and live with us up until the most recent Ice Age is a lot to swallow and sets the now-common theories of hominid development right on its head. Others prefer to say:

2) These hobbits were homo erectus who were simply isolated long enough to go miniature (which has been documented in other mammals, but never in man - the Pygmies are just a very early breakaway group). But the insular dwarfism theory doesn’t stand up to an analysis of the bones and bony relationships, so the second theory is that these fossils are showing the effects of a disease on a group of ‘us’ modern humans.

This second theory is a kind of cop-out - what disease would produce characteristics of an earlier form of human like homo habilis? (Several are offered actually, my favorite being ‘microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism’ - a genetic disorder that would produce small bodies and small brains but normal intelligence.) But in order to defeat this disease hypothesis, we need to find other hobbit skeletons and particularly a skull that would show that these humans were widespread and normal, not this specific, possibly diseased, specimen, LB1 as it is known.

If the first theory is right, then it shows how little we know about our family tree between apes and us, and the question of what makes humans unique and what accounts for our strange characteristics is as yet unanswered. I of course prefer this route, as a proponent of the aquatic ape theory (or at least giving Elaine Morgan a good listen), I would love to have the apple cart upset to see a more checkered past, not the linear progression current science prefers.The idea that other kinds of humans co-existed with us until very recently, like the Neanderthals, is very appealing.

On the other hand, if the second theory proves true, it only goes to show on what slender evidence - the one or two fossils available - we hang these complex theories of evolution. I am sure we will be finding detection methods in the next decade that will allow many more hominid fossils to be found, and then the picture might be clearer and more reliable. Until then, I love the available fantasies of multiple kinds of humans roaming the earth together - now there’s grist for a story mill!

It has been a great start to the Phoenix KMI. It is good to be working, after a period of separation, hand in glove with Larry again, and Peter, and with the 20 alert and willing students who have showed up here. We have fewer ‘foreigners’ here this time (unless you count California as a different country), but Kerstin is here from Bavaria, and Noemie is assisting from French-speaking Canada, and Stephanie from Ontario, so we have a bit of spice in the stew. Oh yes, and Thadd from another planet!

A wide variety of talents and experiences, too, from people just trying it on with a background in movement through those who are already doing it in many ways through well-educated PT’s – always a dance to keep the process of building toward the same page happening, given the differing needs of the various students. I think we’re getting ok at it.

Being in the middle of the Mesa Arts Center is perfect. Tensegrity sculptures outside to give us shade, music, children, gurgling in a water feature outside, the occasional burst of flame or sounds of hammering from the pottery, glass, and iron furnaces. Very conducive to the learning of the art, craft, and science of SI – a form of sculpture with a medium that gets up and walks away.

Now let’s see what we can do with the second 4 days - teaching is fun.

Emily Gordon, an SI Practitioner writes: OK, the SI test made a valiant attempt at defining safe physical and psychological boundaries, but it failed at defining the skills of the SI practitioner. I read the IASI study sheet, but it was like reading a list of grievances and differences from people who are more interested in differentiation than integration.
Is it not a tremendous irony that these schools professing expertise in integration are unable to “get it together”?
It would be helpful for following generations to make some kind of objective definition of Dr Rolf’s work, whether we call it Structural Integration, Fred, or Greeblefarp. “Chiropractic” doesn’t make any sense to my Greek friends, nor does “Osteopathy” accurately define what osteopaths do.

There are two fatal flaws in the SI practitioner exam:
One, there were at least four misspellings. One was “ligamentus” a fatal error in an exam professing to have some ability to test knowledge of anatomy. Other simple mistakes, could have been corrected by the human eye. They were not. Why? Even the NCMTB is free of them, despite being full of Stupid Questions.

Two, there is a deep sense of fragmentation in the questions posed. Why should anyone in one “segment” of the SI discipline know about the others? Sure, it’s fascinating, the angles and directions Dr Rolf’s work took off on the inquiry of her students, but where does it all come together? A ’strict Rolfer” such as myself will never have use for what Joseph Heller defines as the 11th session. Perhaps I can make use of the principles, in any closure situation, but overall, I am taught to be a mechanic, not a psychologist, and don’t dare stray from my “scope of practice”.
Perhaps “scope of practice” should be more closely evaluated.

As much as I admire Thomas Myers’ work, and as much as I followed that work and still use it, I wonder what other SI practitioners know of it, and should have to know of it. I was thrilled at the Fascia Research Conference, when Jaap Van der Waal defined “Dynaments” as segments of fascial chains, as Tom has defined them in his books. I use his work, I am informed by this work, and I was jumping up and down in my seat during this lecture in rapt fascination of the anatomist’s revelation of what I see in my office, daily. I wonder, how many of these questions have not so much to do with content, as they are political probes into who is successful enough to bother with the exam.

I don’t blame anyone for this attempt, I would just ask them to look beyond their own influence, to whatever unifying concepts bring Dr Rolfs’, and all of our work, together. The work of Dr Rolf was to not just go beyond “box thinking” but to break the box apart entirely, and remake it. The SI exam is a conformist attempt to define nonconformity, and is as such doomed to a lifetime of trouble. I commend the maker’s attempt at this absurdity.
I also insist that they work on their spelling, as this is a serious flaw in the work of anyone aspiring to rationality.

And my reply:

Great stuff, Emily, and thanks for the mention. I also consider myself a ’strict rolfer’, though others won’t see my work that way. And I try to speak for SI as a whole when in public, not just for KMI. And yes, I was and still am swooning over van der Waal’s conception - ligaments can stabilize a joint at any angle - wow! there’s elegance outside the box

In some ways I very much agree with you about the exam: It seems as if someone gave them the brief: ‘make an exam an SI person could pass but a massage person couldn’t’ - which is a pretty off-kilter premise on its face. I would love to see more simple biomechanics and other basic questions I want my graduating practitioners to know. Pass your comments directly to Carrie Gaynor: carriegaynor@mac.com when you have them ready (I have already)….

But it’s early days - early in the life of alternative medicine, early in the arc of SI - this is a first approximation, as Feldenkrais would say. Don’t despair - taking the long view, we have come quite a way from Ida’s living room, and especially in the last few years we have gained significant respect via IASI and the conferences. We need to keep following up to maintain and enhance it, can this community can rise to the occasion? And then I am around a bunch of rolfers (sorry, SI-ers) and I say to myself “These are my people!” If we don’t go all maverick-y and refuse to play (the unfortunate attitude of some senior teachers), we have a good chance of having a coherent outline of holistic, systems-oriented bodywork making it in the world, whatever name or Greek cobbledy-gook (I plead guilty, ‘Kinesis’ is another one of those), it finally comes to be called.

In terms of the growth of SI and the exam, I do not think it is too much to ask that the most basic variations within this growing line of inquiry be known by the general population of practitioners. I have no clinical use for the internal-external model, but I am glad to be familiar with it, and always point it out to my students even though they do not frame their work with our school that way. Similarly, knowledge of the Hellerwork 11th session, or the logic behind the KMI 12-series - even if neither of these is convincing in the end - will not hurt the graduating practitioner to know. To put this in reverse, all my students must know the 10-series to pass the exam, so I must ‘teach to the exam’ - in this case, not a bad idea, so that they can talk easily with their colleagues.

In my desire to be succinct in the summary of the second Fascial Research Conference (two posts ago), I slighted my old friend and mentor Jim Oschman (http://www.energyresearch.bizland.com), so let me hurry to correct and apologize:

When I said that Jim was not a researcher, I was dead wrong: he has done all the research listed in his CV reprinted below, much of the original research done in conjunction with the prestigious Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts. As you can see, that research was prolific, as has been his writing output in our own field of alternative healing.

And of course his very extensive literature search of others’ research is in itself an act of research, one that has been both rewarding and enlightening for those of us who have followed his peregrinations through energy medicine summarized in his two books.

What I meant was that unlike many of the researchers there at the second FRC, Jim has not been stretching the lumbodorsal fascia of a pig under Ringer’s solution, or (fascinating study with a repellent method) the righting reactions of a decerebrate cat after a crural fasciotomy, but is rather being honored for his vision - well-deserved.

Compared to the mainstream researchers, Jim’s later output has indeed been in ‘left field’ (I’ll stand by that), but he has played left field so well, and hit so many balls out of the park when he was at bat that mainstream researchers like Helene Langevin are compelled to acknowledge it in public before a large crowd. I think that’s great, and it’s a long way, Jim, from when we first sat together with Ida Rolf in Bob Toporek’s living room on 1978, a mere 30 years ago.

A single career, a human lifetime, is so short to contribute to the long line of human culture, and no matter how good your work, neither its nor your immortality is assured. Much has been lost in the ascent of humans, and much continues to be lost even as we alternative therapists gain a foothold. We owe a lot to Jim Oschman for making our work acceptable to a wider range of the scientific world.

CURRICULUM VITAE

James L. Oschman, Ph.D.

Nature’s Own Research Association, PO Box 1935, Dover, NH 03821-1935, USA
Phone: (603) 742 3789; Fax: (603) 742 4695; Email: joschman@aol.com

EDUCATION:

1965 Ph.D. Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh

1961 B.S. Biophysics, University of Pittsburgh

CITIZENSHIP: USA

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

2005-Present Scientific Advisory Board for Neuro Resource Group, Dallas, TX
2003-Present Consultant for EarthFX Corporation
2002-Present Scientific Advisory Board, Natiional Foundation for Alternative Medicine
Washington, DC
2000-Present Education Consultant, Institute for New Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC
1992-Present President, Nature’s Own Research Association
1990 Acting President and Chairman of the Board of Directors at the New England School of Acupuncture, Watertown, Massachusetts
1986-1990 Director of Research, Dolphin Research Project
1982-1992 Faculty and Board of Directors, New England School of Acupuncture, Watertown, Massachusetts
1986 Citation Classic from the Institute of Scientific Information, Washington, DC
1975-present scientific consulting for a wide variety of organizations and inventors
1975-1979 Staff Scientist, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
1970-1974 Visiting Scientist, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
1970-1974 Summer research at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
1970-1974 Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences and Director of the Electron Microscope Laboratory at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, taught physiology, cell physiology, and electron microscopy.
1970 Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
1969 NIH Postdoctoral Fellow, Developmental Biology Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
1967-1969 Postdoctoral Fellow, Developmental Biology Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
1997 Visiting Scientist, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
1965-1966 Postdoctoral Fellow, Neurobiological Laboratory, VA Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1965-1966 Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

MAIN RESEARCH INTEREST:

Academic research involved the structure and function of cells and tissues, with particular reference to fluid and ion transport and the role of calcium in control of cell functions. Subsequent research explores the scientific basis for complementary and alternative medicines.

PROFESSIONAL AWARDS AND DISTINCTIONS:

Distinguished Service Award from the Rolf Institute
Founder’s Award, National Foundation for Alternative Medicine

“For your work in Biophysics and Biology and your distinction as an international authority on energy and complementary medicine; for your numerous articles and books on complementary medicine including Energy Medicine-The Scientific Basis that uses science to demystify this emerging form of healing; for initiating a scholarly discussion on complementary therapies and their potential to contribute to patient care; and for your service on the Scientific Advisory Committee of NFAM.”

Publications in major peer-reviewed scientific journals: Science, The Journal of Cell Biology, The Journal of Cell Science, The Journal of Morphology, Tissue and Cell, American Journal of Physiology, Journal of Experimental Biology, etc. Publication of several books, editor of several books, chapters in major books (see list below).

National Institutes of Health Research Grants: NIH Postdoctoral Fellow; NIH Research Grants AM-19189, FR-7028 and AM-14993.

MEMBERSHIPS IN PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:

The Somatics Society
The Scientific and Medical Network (UK)
ISIS (Institute for Science in Society, UK)
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine

EDITORIAL BOARDS:

Journal of Membrane Biochemistry
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine International Journal

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD:
Scientific Advisory Board for the National Foundation for Alternative Medicine, Washington, DC; National Advisory Committee for the Center for Frontier Medicine in Biofield Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; National Advisory Committee for the Center for Exploratory Center for Frontier Medicine at the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, advisory board of the Neuro Resource Group, Plano, Texas..

UNITED STATES PATENTS:

Method and apparatus for temporarily debilitating tuna and other fish to facilitate capture. United States Patent 5,778,591, issued July 14, 1998.

Apparatus for assisting a heart. United States Patent 6,695,761, issued February 24, 2004.

LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS:
Stichting Opleiding Manuele Therapie, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire; Wentworth-Douglass Hospital, Dover, New Hampshire; Portsmouth Regional Hospital, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; York Hospital, York, Maine; St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Rolf institute and Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado; Upledger Institute United Kingdom; Nordley’s Massage School, Silkeborg, Denmark; Ergoterapeut-og Fysioterapeutiskolen, Holsteboro, Denmark; Massage Therapy Research Agenda Workgroup, American Massage Therapy Foundation; several presentations at Grand Rounds in Rehabilitation Medicine, The Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Harvard Medical School, Osher Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Frontier Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; First International Conference on the Science of Whole Person Healing. Bethesda, Maryland; International Conference: Exploring the Physiological Causes of Stress. A new model for understanding the autonomic nervous system: The polyvagal nervous system. Copenhagen, Denmark; 15th Annual Green Nation’s Gathering, at Iroquois Springs, Rock Hill, NY.; a series of workshops at the Stanley Rosenberg Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; a series of workshops at the Polarity Therapie Zentrum Schweiz, Zurich, Switzerland; a series of workshops at the Colorado Cranial Institute, Zurich, Switzerland; two lectures at international symposia on Frequency Specific Microcurrent in Portland, Oregon and Anaheim, California; a series of workshops on the therapeutic application of low level lasers; Norwegian Cancer Society Complementary Cancer Therapy Conference, Oslo, Norway; several presentations at ISSSEEM , the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine; a series of presentations at the DGEIM (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Energetische und InformationsMedizin) in Stuttgart, Heidelberg, and Kaiserslautern , Germany; Presentation of Spanish edition of Energy Medicine and a keynote lecture at the Ninth Argentinean Reiki Congress 9th Argentinean Reiki Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Seminars on Philosophies of Healing. Sponsored by Videns- og Forskningscenter for Alternativ Behandling. Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; presentation at Paradigm Shift at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland, Oregon; presentation on energy medicine at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Medicine CME conference; 3 presentations to the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture; presentation on The Intelligent Body at the Sutherland Cranial College, London and at the British School of Osteopathy; Keynote at the Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, Baltimore, MD; Annual Conference of the North American Association for Laser Therapy. Presentation to the Maine Osteopathic Association in Rockport, ME; presentation on energy medicine at the Thomas Jefferson Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Grand Rounds Presentations at the Third annual Teton Wellness Festival at Jackson Hole, WY; presentation on energy medicine at the Windber Medical Center in Windber, PA.; Keynote at the Massage Therapy Foundation meeting on research at Albuquerque, NM; Keynote at the American Polarity Therapy Association National Conference, Potomac, MD; keynote at the International Association of Structural Integrators in Seattle, WA; keynote presentation for Morter HealthSystems, Rogers, AK; keynote at the American Academy of Osteopathy, keynote at the annual conference of energy kinesiologists and applied kinesiologists, master class in energy medicine for GEOS/FEMMO in Mulhouse, France.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS:

1 Oschman, J.L. and P. Gray, 1965. A study of the fine structure of Convoluta roscoffensis and its endosymbiotic algae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 84:368-375.

2 Oschman, J.L., 1966. Development of the symbiosis of Convoluta roscoffensis and Platymonas sp. Journal of Phycology 2:105-111.

3 Oschman, J.L., 1967. Microtubules in the subepidermal glands of Convoluta roscoffensis, Acoela, Turbellaria. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 86:159-162.

4 Oschman, J.L., 1967. Structure and reproduction of the algal symbionts of Hydra viridis. Journal of Phycology 3:221-228.

5 Oschman, J.L., 1969. Endonuclear virus-like bodies in Convoluta roscoffensis (Turbellaria, Acoela). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 13:147-148.

6 Oschman, J.L. and B.J. Wall, 1969. The structure of the rectal pads of Periplaneta americana L. with regard to fluid transport. Journal of Morphology 127:475-510.

7 Berridge, M.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1969. A structural basis for fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules. Tissue & Cell 1:247-272.

8 Wall, B.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1970. Water and solute uptake by the rectal pads of Periplaneta americana. American Journal of Physiology 218:208-1215.

9 Oschman, J.L. and M.J. Berridge, 1970. Structural and functional aspects of salivary fluid secretion in Calliphora. Tissue & Cell 2:281-310.

10 Wall, B.J., J.L. Oschman, and B. Schmidt-Nielsen, 1970. Fluid transport: Concentration of the intercellular compartment. Science 167:1497-1498.

11 Oschman, J.L. and M.J. Berridge, 1971. The structural basis of fluid secretion. Federation Proceedings 30:49-56.

12 Oschman, J.L. and B.J. Wall, 1972. Calcium binding to intestinal membranes. Journal of Cell Biology 55:58-73.

13 Berridge, M.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1972. Transporting Epithelia, New York, Academic Press.

14 Wall, B.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1973. Structure and function of rectal pads in Blattella and Blaberus with respect to the mechanism of water uptake. Journal of Morphology 140:105-118.
15 Oschman, J.L. and B.J. Wall, 1973. Binding of calcium to membranes. In: H.H. Ussing, Ed., Alfred Benzon Symposium V., Academic Press, New York, p. 237-247.

16 Oschman, J.L., T.A. Hall, P. Peters, and B.J. Wall, 1974. Binding of calcium to membranes of squid giant axon. Ultrastructure and microprobe analysis. Journal of Cell Biology 61:156-165.

17 Oschman, J.L., B.J. Wall, and B.L. Gupta, 1974. Cellular basis of water transport. In: Transport at the Cellular Level, M.A. Sleigh, Ed., Soc. Exp. Biol. Symp. 28:305-350.

18 Wall, B.J., J.L. Oschman, and B.A. Schmidt, 1975. Morphology and function of Malpighian tubules and associated structures in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Journal of Morphology 146:265-306.

19 Wall, B.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1975. Structure and function of the rectum in insects. In: Excretion, A. Wessing, Ed., Fortschritte der Zoologie 23:193-222, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.

20 Berridge, M.J., J.L. Oschman, and B.J. Wall, 1975. Intracellular calcium reservoirs in Calliphora salivary glands. In Calcium Transport in Contraction and Secretion, E. Carafoli, F. Clementi, W. Drabikowski, and A. Margreth, Eds., North Holland, Amsterdam, p. 131-138.

21 Berridge, M.J., B.L. Gupta, J.L. Oschman, and B.J. Wall, 1976. Development of the salivary glands of Calliphora erythrocephala. Journal of Morphology 149:459-482.

22 Gupta, B.L., R.B. Moreton, J.L. Oschman, and B.J. Wall, Eds., 1977. Transport of Ions and Water in Animals, London, Academic, 817 pps.

23 Wall, B.J. and J.L. Oschman, 1977. Osmoregulation in insects. In: Comparative Physiology of Osmoregulation in Animals, G.M.O. Maloiy, Ed., London, Academic Press.

24 Oschman, J.L., 1977. Structural correlates of transport. In: Transport Across Biological Membranes, Volume III: Transport Across Multi-membrane systems, G. Giebisch, D.C. Tosteson, and H.H. Ussing, Eds., Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 55-93.

25 Gupta, B.L., B.J. Wall, J.L. Oschman, and T.A. Hall, 1980. Direct microprobe evidence of local concentration gradients and recycling of electrolytes during fluid absorption in the rectal papillae of Calliphora. Journal of Experimental Biology 88:21-47.

26 Oschman, J.L., 1980. Water transport, cell junctions, and “structured water.” Chapter IV, Volume II, of Membrane Structure and Function, edited by E. Edward Bittar, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.,l p. 141-170.

27 Oschman, J.L., 1981. The Connective Tissue and Myofascial Systems. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

28 Oschman, J.L., 1983. Structure and properties of ground substances. American. Zoologist 24(1):199-215.

29 Oschman, J.L., 1986. The Natural Science of Healing. A biology of whole systems. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

30 Oschman, J.L., 1989, 1990. How does the body maintain its shape? A series of 3 articles that appeared in Rolf Lines, the news magazine for Rolf Institute members, ending with Vol. 18(1):24-25.

31 Oschman, J.L., 1990. Bioelectromagnetic communications. BEMI Currents, the Newsletter of the Bio-Electro-Magnetics Institute 2(2):11-14.

32 Oschman, J.L., 1993. A biophysical basis for acupuncture. Proceedings of the First Symposium of the Society for Acupuncture Research held in Rockville, MD on January 23-24, 1993.

33 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1993. How healing energy works. Convergence, a magazine for personal and spiritual growth and holistic health. Summer issue, pages 24-30.

34 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1993. Matter, energy, and the living matrix. October, 1993 issue of Rolf Lines, the news magazine for the Rolf Institute, Boulder, Colorado, 21(3):55-64.

35 Oschman, J.L., 1993. Sensing solitons in soft tissues. Guild News, the news magazine for members of the Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado, Vol. 3, Number 2, pages 22-25.

36 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. New evidence on the nature of healing energy. Part I. Communication in the living matrix. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

37 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. New evidence on the nature of healing energy. Part II. Coherence and healing energy. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

38 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. Somatic recall. Part I. Soft tissue memory. Massage Therapy Journal, American Massage Therapy Association, Lake Worth, FL, 34(3): 36-45; 111-116.

39 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. Somatic recall. Part II. Soft tissue holography. Massage Therapy Journal, American Massage Therapy Association, Lake Worth, FL, 34(4): 66-7; 106-116.

40 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. Biophysics of energy medicine. Guild News, the news magazine for members of the Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado, 4(1): 17-26.

41 Oschman, J.L., and Nora H. Oschman, 1995. Physiological and emotional effects of acupuncture needle insertion. Proceedings of the Second Symposium of the Society for Acupuncture Research, held in Washington, D.C. on September 17-18, 1994.

42 Oschman, J.L. and Nora H. Oschman, 1994. Book review and commentary: Biological coherence and response to external stimuli, Edited by Herbert Fröhlich, Published by Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

43 Oschman, J.L. and Nora H. Oschman, 1995. Approaching the toes (theories of everything). Guild News, the news magazine for members of the Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado, 5(1): 13-16.

44 Oschman, J.L. and Nora H. Oschman, 1995. Continuum in natural systems. Guild News, the news magazine for members of the Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado, 5(2): 30-44.

45 Oschman, J.L., 1996. Whats in a handshake? A commentary on human energetics. Guild News, the news magazine for members of the Guild for Structural Integration, Boulder, Colorado, 6(2): 18-26. Reprinted in Rolf Lines the news magazine for Rolf Institute members, Boulder, Colorado , 25(2): 12-19, Spring, 1997.

46 Oschman, J.L., 1996. The nuclear, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrixes: A continuous communication network. In: The Cytoskeleton: Mechanical, Physical and Biological Interactions, November 15-17, 1996, sponsored by The Center for Advanced Studies in the Space Life Sciences, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

47-52 Oschman, J.L., 1996-1998. A series of 6 articles entitled What is healing energy in Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Harcourt Brace and Co. Ltd., Edinburgh, U.K.

53 Oschman, J.L., 1997. Interview with Jim Oschman for The Rainbow Body by Komala Lyra.

54 Oschman, J.L., 1997. Connective tissue energetics. Introduction to a presentation for the Stichting Opleiding Manuele Therapie, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, June 14, 1997. 11 pps. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, NH.

55 Oschman, J.L. and N.H. Oschman, 1997. Readings on the scientific basis of bodywork, energetic, and movement therapies. A collection of 21 articles. N.O.R.A. Press, Dover, New Hampshire, 480 pps.

56 Oschman, J.L. and N.H. Oschman, 1998. Gravity, Lift, and Inertia. Part I. What do we know about gravity? Rolf Lines, the news magazine for Rolf Institute members, Boulder, Colorado, Winter issue, 26(2)10-19.

57 Oschman, J.L. and N.H. Oschman, 1998. Gravity, Lift, and Inertia. Part II. Lift and Inertia. Rolf Lines, the news magazine for Rolf Institute members, Boulder, Colorado, April issue, 26(2)10-19.

58 Oschman, J.L., N.H. Oschman, and K.E. Sommer, 1998. Method and apparatus for temporarily debilitating tuna and other fish to facilitate capture. United States Patent 5,778,591, issued July 14, 1998.

59 Oschman, J.L. and N.H. Oschman, 1998. Absolute certainty of the human energy field. Energy. The Newsletter of the American Polarity Therapy Association. Volume 13(3):1,6,7 (Summer issue).

60 Oschman, J.L., 2000. Energy medicine–The new paradigm. Introductory chapter for Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapists. Robert A. Charman, Editor. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.

61 Oschman, J.L., 2000. The electromagnetic environment: Implications for bodywork. Part 1. Environmental energies. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 4(1):56-67.

62 Oschman, J.L., 2000. The electromagnetic environment: Implications for bodywork. Part 2. Biological effects. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 4(2):137-150.

63 Oschman, J.L., 2000. Energy Medicine: The scientific basis. Churchill Livingstone/Harcourt Brace, Edinburgh.

64 Oschman, J.L., 2001. Exploring the biology of phototherapy. Journal of Optometric Phototherapy, April Issue, p. 1-9.

65 Oschman, J.L., 2001. Book summary and commentary on A New Physics and other publications of William Day. For Foundation for New Directions, Cambridge, MA.

66 Oschman, J.L., 2002. Clinical aspects of biological fields: an introduction for health care professionals. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 6(2):117-125.

67 Oschman, J.L., 2002. An overview of subtle energies research. In: Proceedings: Bridging Worlds and Filling Gaps in the Science of Healing. A symposium organized by Wayne B. Jonas, Marilyn Schlitz, and Mitchell W. Krucoff and edited by Ronald A. Chez, The Samueli Institute for Information Biology, pp. 88-96.

68 Oschman, J.L., 2002. Science and the human energy field. An interview with William Lee Rand. Reiki News Magazine 1(3), Winter issue.

69 Oschman, J.L., 2004. Recent developments in bioelectromagnetic medicine. Chapter 6 in Bioelectromagnetic Medicine, Rosch, P.J. and Markov, M.S., eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 77-92.

70 Oschman, J.L., 2003. Energy Medicine: state of the art; state of the science. In: Science of Whole Person Healing: Proceedings of the First Interdisciplinary International Conference, edited by Rustum Roy, iUniverse, Incorporated, Lincoln, NE.

71 Oschman, J.L., 2003. Energy Medicine in Therapeutics and Human Performance. Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier, Oxford.

72 Oschman, J.L. and N.H. Oschman, 2004. Electromagnetic communication and olfaction in insects: Commemorating the research of Phillip S. Callahan, Ph.D. Frontier Perspectives 13(1):8-15.

73 Oschman, J.L., 2004. Breakthrough in energy medicine and subtle energies. Bridges, Quarterly Magazine of the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine 14(4):, Winter 2003 issue.

74 Oschman, J.L., 2004. Guest editorial: Our place in nature: Reconnecting with the earth for better sleep. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10(5):735-736.

75 Oschman, J.L. and J. Spencer, with David Minkoff, 2004. Best cases in biological medicine. Explore! 13(6).

76 Oschman, JL, 2004. Science and the human energy field. Interview with William Lee Rand. Reiki News Magazine, Vol. One, Issue Three, Winter 2002.

77 Oschman, J.L., 2005. Energy and the healing response. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 9(1):3-15.

78 Oschman, J.L., 2005. The intelligent body. In: Bridges, the Quarterly Magazine of the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine 16(1).

79 Oschman, J.L., 2006. Trauma energetics. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 10(1):21-34.

80 Chevalier, G., Mori, K., and Oschman, J., 2006. The effect of earthing (grounding) on human physiology. European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics 31(2):600-621.

81 Oschman, J.L., 2006. Quantum and Energy Biology: A retrospective on the contributions of Albert Szent-Györgyi. In: Proceedings of the 1st Metatheory Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 15-18 November, 2006, edited by Amoroso, R.L., Diens, I., & Varga, C., Oakland, The Noetic Press, in press.

82 Oschman, J.L., 2007. Matrix energetics and regeneration. Chapter 37 in Anti-Aging Therapeutics, Volume IX, Edited by Klatz, R. and Goldman, R., American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago IL, pp. 247-253.

83 Oschman, J.L. and Kosovich, J, 2007. Energy Medicine and Longevity: Biofeedback Combined with Frequency Specific Healing. In Anti-Aging Medical News, Winter, 2007, American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago, IL, 29-31. 65.

84 Oschman, J.L., 2007. Can Electrons Act as Antioxidants? A Review and Commentary. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13(9):955-967.

85 Oschman, J.L., 2008. Perspective: Assume a spherical cow: The role of free or mobile electrons in bodywork, energetic and movement therapies. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 12(1):40-57.

86 Oschman, J.L., 2008. The science supporting the use of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy and ONDAMED® Part 1. Townsend Letter Issue #299, June, 2008.

87 Oschman, J.L., 2008. Charge transfer in the living matrix. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, in press.

88 Oschman, J.L. and Kosovich, J., 2008. Energy Medicine and Matrix Regeneration. Chapter 26 in Anti-Aging Therapeutics, Volume X, Edited by Klatz, R. and Goldman, R., American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago IL, pp. 203-210.

89 Oschman, J.L., 2008. Energy Medicine and Longevity. Chapter 27 in Anti-Aging Therapeutics, Volume X, Edited by Klatz, R. and Goldman, R., American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago IL, pp. 211-218.

90 Oschman, J.L., 2008. Mitochondria and cellular aging. Anti-Aging Therapeutics Volume XI, in press.

91 Oschman, J.L., 2008. Matrix communication. In: Proceedings of the 2nd metatheory conference, Budapest, Hungary, 16-19 May, edited by Amoroso, R.L., Diens, I., & Varga, C., Oakland: The Noetic Press, pp. 91; 95-110.

92 Oschman, J.L. and Kessler, W-D., 2008. Energy medicine and anti-aging. From fundamentals to new breakthroughs. Anti-Aging Medical News, Winter issue,pp. 166-171.

93 Kessler, W-D., and Oschman, J.L., 2009. Conteracting aging with basic physics. Chapter 23 in Anti-Aging Therapeutics Volume XI, Edited by Klatz, R. and Goldman, R., American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago IL pp. 185-194.

94 Oschman, J.L., 2009. Mitochondria and cellular aging. Chapter 33 in Anti-Aging Therapeutics Volume XI, Edited by Klatz, R. and Goldman, R., American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Chicago IL pp. 185-194.